Curriculum
To listen to a letter, click on the play button next to the letter name.
| Final Form | Medial Form | Initial Form | Isolated Form | Letter Name |
| ـا | ـا | ا | ا |
أَلِف (‘alif) |
| ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب |
باَء (bāʾ) |
| ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت |
تَاء (tāʾ) |
| ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث |
ثَاء (thāʾ) |
| ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج |
جِيم (jīm) |
| ـح | ـحـ | ح | ح |
حَاء (ḥāʾ) |
| ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ |
خَاء (khāʾ) |
| ـد | ـد | د | د |
دَال (dāl) |
| ذ | ذ | ذ | ذ |
ذَال (dhāl) |
| ـر | ـر | ر | ر |
رَاء (rāʾ) |
| ـز | ـز | ز | ز |
زَاء (‘zā) |
| ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س |
سِين (sīn) |
| ش | ـشـ | شـ | ش |
شِين (shīn) |
| ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص |
صَاد (ṣād) |
| ض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض |
ضَاد (ḍād) |
| ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط |
طَاء (ṭāʾ) |
| ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ |
ظاء (ẓāʾ) |
| ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع |
عَيْن (ʿayn) |
| ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ |
غَين (ghayn) |
| ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف |
فَاء (fāʾ) |
| ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق |
قاف (qāf) |
| ـك | ـكـ | كـ | ك |
كَاف (kāf) |
| ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل |
لَام (lām) |
| ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م |
مِيم (mīm) |
| ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن |
نُون (nūn) |
| ـه | ـهـ | هـ | هٓـ |
هَاء (hāʾ) |
| ـو | ـو | و | و |
وَاو (wāw) |
| ـي | ـيـ | يـ | ي |
يَاء (yāʾ) |
Although not counted as an alphabet, the hamzah plays an important role in Arabic grammar and script. These are the different forms it takes:
| هَمزَة (hamzah) | ||||
| ـأ | ـأ | أ | أ | هَمزَة (ʾalif hamzah) |
| ـإ | ـإ | إ | إ | هَمزَة (ʾalif hamzah) |
| ـؤ | ـؤ | – | ؤ | وَاو هَمْزة (wāw hamzah) |
| ـئ | ـئـ | – | ئ | يَاء هَمْزة (yāʾ hamzah) |
| ـآ | ـآ | آ | آ | أَلِف مَدَّة (ʾalif maddah) |
Harakat / Tashkeel (Diacritical Marks)
| Indicates the short /a/ sound as in ‘up’. When placed before an alif <ا> it indicates the long /a:/ as in ‘farmer’ or ‘father’. | ـَ | فَتحَة (fatḥah) |
| Indicates the short /i/ as in ‘Till’. When placed before a yā <ي> it indicates the long /i:/ as in ‘steel’. | ـِ | كَسرَة (kasrah) |
| Indicates the short /u/ as in ‘put’. When placed before the wāw <و> it indicates the long /u:/ as in ‘mood’. | ـُ | ضَمَّة (ḍammah) |
| Used on top of consonants that are not followed by a vowel. | ـْـ | سُكُون (sukūn) |
| Indicates nunation: the -un, -in, and -an sounds. | ـٌ ـٍ ـً | تَنوين (tanwīn) |
| Indicates germination of doubling of consonants (tashdīd) | ـّـ | شَدَّة (shaddah) |
| Indicates the long /a:/ as in ‘qur’ān. | ـٓ | مَدّة (maddah) |